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			<h1>Django 模板</h1>
<p>在上一章节中我们使用 django.http.HttpResponse() 来输出 "Hello World！"。该方式将数据与视图混合在一起，不符合 Django 的 MVC 思想。</p>
<p>
本章节我们将为大家详细介绍 Django 模板的应用，模板是一个文本，用于分离文档的表现形式和内容。</p>
<hr>
<h2>模板应用实例</h2>
<p>我们接着上一章节的项目将在 HelloWorld 目录底下创建 templates 目录并建立 runoob.html文件，整个目录结构如下：</p>
<pre>
HelloWorld/
|-- HelloWorld
|   |-- __init__.py
|   |-- __init__.pyc
|   |-- settings.py
|   |-- settings.pyc
|   |-- urls.py
|   |-- urls.pyc
|   |-- views.py
|   |-- views.pyc
|   |-- wsgi.py
|   `-- wsgi.pyc
|-- manage.py
`-- templates
    `-- runoob.html
</pre>
<p>runoob.html 文件代码如下：</p>
<div class="example">
<h2 class="example">HelloWorld/templates/runoob.html 文件代码：</h2>
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;</span><span class="hl-reserved">h1</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span><span class="hl-code">{{ hello }}</span><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;/</span><span class="hl-reserved">h1</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>从模板中我们知道变量使用了双括号。</p>
<p>接下来我们需要向Django说明模板文件的路径，修改HelloWorld/settings.py，修改 TEMPLATES 中的 DIRS 为 <b>[os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates')]</b>，如下所示:</p>
<div class="example">
<h2 class="example">HelloWorld/HelloWorld/settings.py 文件代码：</h2>
<div class="example_code">

...<br />
<span style="color: #05a;">TEMPLATES</span> <span style="color: Gray;">=</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#91;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: Olive;">&#123;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #a11;">'BACKEND'</span>: <span style="color: #a11;">'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates'</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #a11;">'DIRS'</span>: <span style="color: Olive;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #05a;">os</span>.<span style="color: #05a;">path</span>.<span style="color: #05a;">join</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>BASE_DIR<span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: #a11;">'templates'</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#93;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #a50"># 修改位置</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #a11;">'APP_DIRS'</span>: <span style="color: Teal;">True</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #a11;">'OPTIONS'</span>: <span style="color: Olive;">&#123;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #a11;">'context_processors'</span>: <span style="color: Olive;">&#91;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #a11;">'django.template.context_processors.debug'</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #a11;">'django.template.context_processors.request'</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #a11;">'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth'</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #a11;">'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages'</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: Olive;">&#93;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: Olive;">&#125;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: Olive;">&#125;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><br />
<span style="color: Olive;">&#93;</span><br />
...<br />

</div>
</div>
<p>我们现在修改 views.py，增加一个新的对象，用于向模板提交数据：</p>
<div class="example">
<h2 class="example">HelloWorld/HelloWorld/views.py 文件代码：</h2>
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-reserved">from</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">django</span><span class="hl-code">.</span><span class="hl-identifier">shortcuts</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-reserved">import</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">render</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-reserved">def</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">runoob</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-identifier">request</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">:
    </span><span class="hl-identifier">context</span><span class="hl-code">          = {}
    </span><span class="hl-identifier">context</span><span class="hl-brackets">[</span><span class="hl-quotes">'</span><span class="hl-string">hello</span><span class="hl-quotes">'</span><span class="hl-brackets">]</span><span class="hl-code"> = </span><span class="hl-quotes">'</span><span class="hl-string">Hello World!</span><span class="hl-quotes">'</span><span class="hl-code">
    </span><span class="hl-reserved">return</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">render</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-identifier">request</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-quotes">'</span><span class="hl-string">runoob.html</span><span class="hl-quotes">'</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">context</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span></div>
</div>
</div>

<div class="example">
<h2 class="example">HelloWorld/HelloWorld/urls.py  文件代码：</h2>
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-reserved">from</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">django</span><span class="hl-code">.</span><span class="hl-identifier">urls</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-reserved">import</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">path</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-reserved">from</span><span class="hl-code"> . </span><span class="hl-reserved">import</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">views</span><span class="hl-code">
 
</span><span class="hl-identifier">urlpatterns</span><span class="hl-code"> = </span><span class="hl-brackets">[</span><span class="hl-code">
    </span><span class="hl-identifier">path</span><span class="hl-brackets">(</span><span class="hl-quotes">'</span><span class="hl-string">runoob/</span><span class="hl-quotes">'</span><span class="hl-code">, </span><span class="hl-identifier">views</span><span class="hl-code">.</span><span class="hl-identifier">runoob</span><span class="hl-brackets">)</span><span class="hl-code">,
</span><span class="hl-brackets">]</span></div>
</div>
</div>


<p>可以看到，我们这里使用 render 来替代之前使用的 HttpResponse。render 还使用了一个字典 context 作为参数。
</p>
<p>context 字典中元素的键值  <strong>hello</strong> 对应了模板中的变量  <span class="marked">{{ hello }}</span>。</p>
<p>再次访问 <strong>http://127.0.0.1:8000/runoob</strong>，可以看到页面：</p>
<p><img decoding="async" width="50%" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/6BC47EC1-ABC8-4EA7-A536-756648FBBC20.jpg"></p>
<p>这样我们就完成了使用模板来输出数据，从而实现数据与视图分离。</p><p>接下来我们将具体介绍模板中常用的语法规则。</p>
<hr>
<h2>Django 模板标签</h2>
<h3>变量</h3>
<p>模板语法：</p>
<pre>view：｛"HTML变量名" : "views变量名"｝
HTML：｛｛变量名｝｝</pre>
<div class="example"><h2 class="example">HelloWorld/HelloWorld/views.py 文件代码：</h2> <div class="example_code">
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">from</span> django.<span style="color: #05a;">shortcuts</span> <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">import</span> render<br />
<br />
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">def</span> runoob<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span>: <br />
&nbsp; views_name <span style="color: Gray;">=</span> <span style="color: #a11;">&quot;菜鸟教程&quot;</span> <br />
&nbsp; <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">return</span> &nbsp;render<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Gray;">,</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;runoob.html&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#123;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;name&quot;</span>:views_name<span style="color: Olive;">&#125;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span><br />
</div></div>
<p>templates 中的 runoob.html ：</p>
<pre>&lt;p&gt;{{ name }}&lt;/p&gt;</pre>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Django_1.png"></p>
<p>再次访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/runoob，可以看到页面：</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/3B90F88C-3E6A-48A7-AA0C-738EE10E0543.jpg"></p>
<h3>列表</h3>
<p>templates 中的 runoob.html中，可以用 <span class="marked">.</span> 索引下标取出对应的元素。</p>
<div class="example"><h2 class="example">HelloWorld/HelloWorld/views.py 文件代码：</h2> <div class="example_code">
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">from</span> django.<span style="color: #05a;">shortcuts</span> <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">import</span> render<br />
<br />
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">def</span> runoob<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span>:<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; views_list <span style="color: Gray;">=</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;菜鸟教程1&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;菜鸟教程2&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;菜鸟教程3&quot;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#93;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">return</span> render<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: #a11;">&quot;runoob.html&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#123;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;views_list&quot;</span>: views_list<span style="color: Olive;">&#125;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span><br />
</div></div>
<div class="example">
<h2 class="example">HelloWorld/templates/runoob.html 文件代码：</h2>
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;</span><span class="hl-reserved">p</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span><span class="hl-code">{{ views_list }}</span><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;/</span><span class="hl-reserved">p</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span><span class="hl-code">   # 取出整个列表
</span><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;</span><span class="hl-reserved">p</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span><span class="hl-code">{{ views_list.0 }}</span><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;/</span><span class="hl-reserved">p</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span><span class="hl-code"> # 取出列表的第一个元素</span></div></div></div>
<p>再次访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/runoob，可以看到页面：</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Django_3.png"></p>
<h3>字典</h3>
<p>templates 中的 runoob.html中，可以用 <span class="marked">.键</span> 取出对应的值。</p>
<div class="example"><h2 class="example">HelloWorld/HelloWorld/views.py 文件代码：</h2> <div class="example_code">
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">from</span> django.<span style="color: #05a;">shortcuts</span> <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">import</span> render<br />
<br />
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">def</span> runoob<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span>:<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; views_dict <span style="color: Gray;">=</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#123;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;name&quot;</span>:<span style="color: #a11;">&quot;菜鸟教程&quot;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#125;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">return</span> render<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: #a11;">&quot;runoob.html&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#123;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;views_dict&quot;</span>: views_dict<span style="color: Olive;">&#125;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span><br />
</div></div>
<div class="example">
<h2 class="example">HelloWorld/templates/runoob.html 文件代码：</h2>
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;</span><span class="hl-reserved">p</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span><span class="hl-code">{{ views_dict }}</span><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;/</span><span class="hl-reserved">p</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;</span><span class="hl-reserved">p</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span><span class="hl-code">{{ views_dict.name }}</span><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;/</span><span class="hl-reserved">p</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span></div></div></div>
<p>再次访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/runoob，可以看到页面：</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Django_4.png"></p>
<h3>过滤器</h3>
模板语法：
<pre>
{{ 变量名 | 过滤器：可选参数 }}
</pre>
<p>模板过滤器可以在变量被显示前修改它，过滤器使用管道字符，如下所示：</p>
<pre>
{{ name|lower }}
</pre><p>
 {{ name }} 变量被过滤器 lower 处理后，文档大写转换文本为小写。
</p>
<p>过滤管道可以被* 套接* ，既是说，一个过滤器管道的输出又可以作为下一个管道的输入：</p>
<pre>
{{ my_list|first|upper }}
</pre>
<p>以上实例将第一个元素并将其转化为大写。</p>
<p>
有些过滤器有参数。 过滤器的参数跟随冒号之后并且总是以双引号包含。 例如：
</p>
<pre>
{{ bio|truncatewords:"30" }}
</pre>
<p>
这个将显示变量 bio 的前30个词。
</p>
<p>其他过滤器：</p>
<ul>
<li>addslashes : 添加反斜杠到任何反斜杠、单引号或者双引号前面。</li><li>
date : 按指定的格式字符串参数格式化 date 或者 datetime 对象，实例：
<pre>{{ pub_date|date:"F j, Y" }}</pre></li>
<li>length : 返回变量的长度。</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>default</strong></p>
<p>default 为变量提供一个默认值。</p>
<p>如果 views 传的变量的布尔值是 false，则使用指定的默认值。</p>
<p>以下值为 false：</p>
<pre>
0  0.0  False  0j  ""  []  ()  set()  {}  None
</pre>
<div class="example"><h2 class="example">HelloWorld/HelloWorld/views.py 文件代码：</h2> <div class="example_code">
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">from</span> django.<span style="color: #05a;">shortcuts</span> <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">import</span> render<br />
<br />
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">def</span> runoob<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span>:<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; name <span style="color: Gray;">=</span><span style="color: Maroon;">0</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">return</span> render<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: #a11;">&quot;runoob.html&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#123;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;name&quot;</span>: name<span style="color: Olive;">&#125;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span><br />
</div></div>
<div class="example">
<h2 class="example">HelloWorld/templates/runoob.html 文件代码：</h2>
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-code">{{ name|default:&quot;菜鸟教程666&quot; }}</span></div></div></div>
<p>再次访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/runoob，可以看到页面：</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Django_5.png"></p>

<p><strong>length</strong></p>
<p>返回对象的长度，适用于字符串和列表。</p><p>
字典返回的是键值对的数量，集合返回的是去重后的长度。</p>

<div class="example"><h2 class="example">HelloWorld/HelloWorld/views.py 文件代码：</h2> <div class="example_code">
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">from</span> django.<span style="color: #05a;">shortcuts</span> <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">import</span> render<br />
<br />
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">def</span> runoob<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span>:<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; name <span style="color: Gray;">=</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;菜鸟教程&quot;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">return</span> render<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: #a11;">&quot;runoob.html&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#123;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;name&quot;</span>: name<span style="color: Olive;">&#125;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span><br />
</div></div>
<div class="example">
<h2 class="example">HelloWorld/templates/runoob.html 文件代码：</h2>
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-code">{{ name|length}}</span></div></div></div>
<p>再次访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/runoob，可以看到页面：</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Django_6.png"></p>

<p><strong>filesizeformat</strong></p>
<p>以更易读的方式显示文件的大小（即'13 KB', '4.1 MB', '102 bytes'等）。</p>
<p>字典返回的是键值对的数量，集合返回的是去重后的长度。</p>

<div class="example"><h2 class="example">HelloWorld/HelloWorld/views.py 文件代码：</h2> <div class="example_code">
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">from</span> django.<span style="color: #05a;">shortcuts</span> <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">import</span> render<br />
<br />
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">def</span> runoob<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span>:<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; num<span style="color: Gray;">=</span><span style="color: Maroon;">1024</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">return</span> render<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: #a11;">&quot;runoob.html&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#123;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;num&quot;</span>: num<span style="color: Olive;">&#125;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span><br />
</div></div>
<div class="example">
<h2 class="example">HelloWorld/templates/runoob.html 文件代码：</h2>
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-code">{{ num|filesizeformat}}</span></div></div></div>
<p>再次访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/runoob，可以看到页面：</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Django_7.png"></p>

<p><strong>date</strong></p><p>
根据给定格式对一个日期变量进行格式化。</p><p>
格式 <span class="marked">Y-m-d H:i:s</span>返回 <strong>年-月-日 小时:分钟:秒</strong> 的格式时间。</p>

<div class="example"><h2 class="example">HelloWorld/HelloWorld/views.py 文件代码：</h2> <div class="example_code">
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">from</span> django.<span style="color: #05a;">shortcuts</span> <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">import</span> render<br />
<br />
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">def</span> runoob<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span>:<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">import</span> <span style="color: #05a;">datetime</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; now &nbsp;<span style="color: Gray;">=</span><span style="color: #05a;">datetime</span>.<span style="color: #05a;">datetime</span>.<span style="color: #05a;">now</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">return</span> render<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: #a11;">&quot;runoob.html&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#123;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;time&quot;</span>: now<span style="color: Olive;">&#125;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span><br />
</div></div>
<div class="example">
<h2 class="example">HelloWorld/templates/runoob.html 文件代码：</h2>
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-code">{{ time|date:&quot;Y-m-d&quot; }}</span></div></div></div>
<p>再次访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/runoob，可以看到页面：</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Django_9.png"></p>

<p><strong>truncatechars</strong></p>
<p>如果字符串包含的字符总个数多于指定的字符数量，那么会被截断掉后面的部分。</p>
<p>截断的字符串将以 <span class="marked">...</span> 结尾。</p>

<div class="example"><h2 class="example">HelloWorld/HelloWorld/views.py 文件代码：</h2> <div class="example_code">
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">from</span> django.<span style="color: #05a;">shortcuts</span> <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">import</span> render<br />
<br />
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">def</span> runoob<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span>:<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; views_str <span style="color: Gray;">=</span> <span style="color: #a11;">&quot;菜鸟教程&quot;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">return</span> render<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: #a11;">&quot;runoob.html&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#123;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;views_str&quot;</span>: views_str<span style="color: Olive;">&#125;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span><br />
</div></div>
<div class="example">
<h2 class="example">HelloWorld/templates/runoob.html 文件代码：</h2>
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-code">{{ views_str|truncatechars:2}}</span></div></div></div>
<p>再访问访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/runoob，可以看到页面：</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Django_10.png"></p>

<p><strong>safe </strong></p>
<p>将字符串标记为安全，不需要转义。</p><p>
要保证 views.py 传过来的数据绝对安全，才能用 safe。</p>
<p>和后端 views.py 的 mark_safe 效果相同。</p>
<p>Django 会自动对 views.py 传到HTML文件中的标签语法进行转义，令其语义失效。加 safe 过滤器是告诉 Django 该数据是安全的，不必对其进行转义，可以让该数据语义生效。</p>
<div class="example"><h2 class="example">HelloWorld/HelloWorld/views.py 文件代码：</h2> <div class="example_code">
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">from</span> django.<span style="color: #05a;">shortcuts</span> <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">import</span> render<br />
<br />
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">def</span> runoob<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span>:<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; views_str <span style="color: Gray;">=</span> <span style="color: #a11;">&quot;&lt;a href='../'&gt;点击跳转&lt;/a&gt;&quot;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">return</span> render<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: #a11;">&quot;runoob.html&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#123;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;views_str&quot;</span>: views_str<span style="color: Olive;">&#125;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span><br />
</div></div>
<div class="example">
<h2 class="example">HelloWorld/templates/runoob.html 文件代码：</h2>
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-code">{{ views_str|safe }}</span></div></div></div>
<p>再访问访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/runoob，可以看到页面：</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Django_1.gif"></p>
<h3>if/else 标签</h3>
<p>基本语法格式如下：</p>
<pre>
{% if condition %}
     ... display
{% endif %}
</pre>
<p>或者：</p>
<pre>
{% if condition1 %}
   ... display 1
{% elif condition2 %}
   ... display 2
{% else %}
   ... display 3
{% endif %}
</pre>
<p>根据条件判断是否输出。if/else 支持嵌套。</p>
<p>{% if %} 标签接受 and ， or 或者 not 关键字来对多个变量做判断 ，或者对变量取反（ not )，例如：</p>
<pre>
{% if athlete_list and coach_list %}
     athletes 和 coaches 变量都是可用的。
{% endif %}
</pre>
<div class="example"><h2 class="example">HelloWorld/HelloWorld/views.py 文件代码：</h2> <div class="example_code">
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">from</span> django.<span style="color: #05a;">shortcuts</span> <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">import</span> render<br />
<br />
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">def</span> runoob<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span>:<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; views_num <span style="color: Gray;">=</span> <span style="color: Maroon;">88</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">return</span> render<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: #a11;">&quot;runoob.html&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#123;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;num&quot;</span>: views_num<span style="color: Olive;">&#125;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span><br />
</div></div>
<div class="example">
<h2 class="example">HelloWorld/templates/runoob.html 文件代码：</h2>
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-code">{%</span><span class="hl-reserved">if</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">num</span><span class="hl-code"> &gt; </span><span class="hl-number">90</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-reserved">and</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">num</span><span class="hl-code"> &lt;= </span><span class="hl-number">100</span><span class="hl-code"> %}
优秀
{% </span><span class="hl-reserved">elif</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">num</span><span class="hl-code"> &gt; </span><span class="hl-number">60</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-reserved">and</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">num</span><span class="hl-code"> &lt;= </span><span class="hl-number">90</span><span class="hl-code"> %}
合格
{% </span><span class="hl-reserved">else</span><span class="hl-code"> %}
一边玩去～
{% </span><span class="hl-identifier">endif</span><span class="hl-code"> %}</span></div></div></div>
<p>再访问访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/runoob，可以看到页面：</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Django_15.png"></p>

<h3> for 标签</h3>
<p>
{% for %} 允许我们在一个序列上迭代。 </p>
<p>与 Python 的 for 语句的情形类似，循环语法是 for X in Y ，Y 是要迭代的序列而 X 是在每一个特定的循环中使用的变量名称。 
</p>
<p>
每一次循环中，模板系统会渲染在 <span class="marked">{% for %}</span> 和 <span class="marked">{% endfor %}</span> 之间的所有内容。
</p>
例如，给定一个运动员列表 athlete_list 变量，我们可以使用下面的代码来显示这个列表：
</p>

<pre>
&lt;ul&gt;
{% for athlete in athlete_list %}
    &lt;li&gt;{{ athlete.name }}&lt;/li&gt;
{% endfor %}
&lt;/ul&gt;
</pre>
<div class="example"><h2 class="example">HelloWorld/HelloWorld/views.py 文件代码：</h2> <div class="example_code">
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">from</span> django.<span style="color: #05a;">shortcuts</span> <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">import</span> render<br />
<br />
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">def</span> runoob<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span>:<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; views_list <span style="color: Gray;">=</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;菜鸟教程&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;菜鸟教程1&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;菜鸟教程2&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;菜鸟教程3&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#93;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">return</span> render<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: #a11;">&quot;runoob.html&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#123;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;views_list&quot;</span>: views_list<span style="color: Olive;">&#125;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span><br />
</div></div>
<div class="example">
<h2 class="example">HelloWorld/templates/runoob.html 文件代码：</h2>
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-code">{% for i in views_list %}
{{ i }}
{% endfor %}</span></div></div></div>
<p>再访问访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/runoob，可以看到页面：</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Django_11.png"></p>
<p>
给标签增加一个 reversed 使得该列表被反向迭代：
</p>
<pre>
{% for athlete in athlete_list reversed %}
...
{% endfor %}
</pre>
<div class="example">
<h2 class="example">HelloWorld/templates/runoob.html 文件代码：</h2>
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-code">{% for i in views_list  reversed%}
{{ i }}
{% endfor %}</span></div></div></div>
<p>再访问访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/runoob，可以看到页面：</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Django_12.png"></p>
<p><strong>遍历字典</strong>: 可以直接用字典 <strong>.items</strong> 方法，用变量的解包分别获取键和值。</p>
<div class="example"><h2 class="example">HelloWorld/HelloWorld/views.py 文件代码：</h2> <div class="example_code">
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">from</span> django.<span style="color: #05a;">shortcuts</span> <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">import</span> render<br />
<br />
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">def</span> runoob<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span>:<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; views_dict <span style="color: Gray;">=</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#123;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;name&quot;</span>:<span style="color: #a11;">&quot;菜鸟教程&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;age&quot;</span>:<span style="color: Maroon;">18</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#125;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">return</span> render<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: #a11;">&quot;runoob.html&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#123;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;views_dict&quot;</span>: views_dict<span style="color: Olive;">&#125;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span><br />
</div></div>
<div class="example">
<h2 class="example">HelloWorld/templates/runoob.html 文件代码：</h2>
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-code">{% for i,j in views_dict.items %}
{{ i }}---{{ j }}
{% endfor %}</span></div></div></div>
<p>再访问访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/runoob，可以看到页面：</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Django_13.png"></p>
在 {% for %} 标签里可以通过 {{forloop}} 变量获取循环序号。
<ul><li>
forloop.counter: 顺序获取循环序号，从 1 开始计算</li><li>
forloop.counter0: 顺序获取循环序号，从 0 开始计算</li><li>
forloop.revcounter: 倒序获取循环序号，结尾序号为 1</li><li>
forloop.revcounter0: 倒序获取循环序号，结尾序号为 0</li><li>
forloop.first（一般配合if标签使用）: 第一条数据返回 True，其他数据返回 False</li><li>
forloop.last（一般配合if标签使用）: 最后一条数据返回 True，其他数据返回 False</li></ul>

<div class="example"><h2 class="example">HelloWorld/HelloWorld/views.py 文件代码：</h2> <div class="example_code">
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">from</span> django.<span style="color: #05a;">shortcuts</span> <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">import</span> render<br />
<br />
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">def</span> runoob<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span>:<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;views_list <span style="color: Gray;">=</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;a&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: #a11;">&quot;b&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: #a11;">&quot;c&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: #a11;">&quot;d&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: #a11;">&quot;e&quot;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#93;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">return</span> render<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: #a11;">&quot;runoob.html&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#123;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;listvar&quot;</span>: views_list<span style="color: Olive;">&#125;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span><br />
</div></div>
<div class="example">
<h2 class="example">HelloWorld/templates/runoob.html 文件代码：</h2>
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-code">{% for i in listvar %}
    {{ forloop.counter }}
    {{ forloop.counter0 }}
    {{ forloop.revcounter }}
    {{ forloop.revcounter0 }}
    {{ forloop.first }}
    {{ forloop.last }}
{% endfor %}</span></div></div></div>
<p>再访问访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/runoob，可以看到页面：</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Django_2.gif"></p>

<p>
<strong>{% empty %}</strong></p><p>
可选的 {% empty %} 从句：在循环为空的时候执行（即 in 后面的参数布尔值为 False ）。</p>
<div class="example"><h2 class="example">HelloWorld/HelloWorld/views.py 文件代码：</h2> <div class="example_code">
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">from</span> django.<span style="color: #05a;">shortcuts</span> <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">import</span> render<br />
<br />
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">def</span> runoob<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span>:<br />
&nbsp; views_list <span style="color: Gray;">=</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#91;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#93;</span><br />
&nbsp; <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">return</span> render<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: #a11;">&quot;runoob.html&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#123;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;listvar&quot;</span>: views_list<span style="color: Olive;">&#125;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span><br />
</div></div>
<div class="example">
<h2 class="example">HelloWorld/templates/runoob.html 文件代码：</h2>
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-code">{% for i in listvar %}
    {{ forloop.counter0 }}
{% empty %}
    空空如也～
{% endfor %}</span></div></div></div>
<p>再访问访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/runoob，可以看到页面：</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Django_14.png"></p>

<p>
可以嵌套使用 {% for %} 标签：
</p>
<pre>
{% for athlete in athlete_list %}
    &lt;h1&gt;{{ athlete.name }}&lt;/h1&gt;
    &lt;ul&gt;
    {% for sport in athlete.sports_played %}
        &lt;li&gt;{{ sport }}&lt;/li&gt;
    {% endfor %}
    &lt;/ul&gt;
{% endfor %}
</pre>
<h3>ifequal/ifnotequal 标签</h3>
<p>{% ifequal %} 标签比较两个值，当他们相等时，显示在 {% ifequal %} 和 {% endifequal %} 之中所有的值。
</p><p>
下面的例子比较两个模板变量 user 和 currentuser :
</p>
<pre>
{% ifequal user currentuser %}
    &lt;h1&gt;Welcome!&lt;/h1&gt;
{% endifequal %}
</pre>
<p>和 {% if %} 类似， {% ifequal %} 支持可选的 {% else%} 标签：8
</p>
<pre>
{% ifequal section 'sitenews' %}
    &lt;h1&gt;Site News&lt;/h1&gt;
{% else %}
    &lt;h1&gt;No News Here&lt;/h1&gt;
{% endifequal %}
</pre>
<h3>注释标签</h3>
<p>Django 注释使用 {# #}。</p>
<pre>
{# 这是一个注释 #}
</pre>

<h3>include 标签</h3>
<p> {% include %} 标签允许在模板中包含其它的模板的内容。 </p>
<p>下面这个例子都包含了 nav.html 模板：</p>
<pre>
{% include "nav.html" %}
</pre>

<hr>
<h2>csrf_token</h2><p>
csrf_token 用于form表单中，作用是跨站请求伪造保护。</p><p>
如果不用 <strong>{% csrf_token %}</strong> 标签，在用 form 表单时，要再次跳转页面会报 403 权限错误。</p><p>
用了<strong>{% csrf_token %}</strong> 标签，在 form 表单提交数据时，才会成功。</p>
<p><strong>解析：</strong></p>
<p>首先，向服务器发送请求，获取登录页面，此时中间件 csrf 会自动生成一个隐藏input标签，该标签里的 value 属性的值是一个随机的字符串，用户获取到登录页面的同时也获取到了这个隐藏的input标签。</p>
<p>然后，等用户需要用到form表单提交数据的时候，会携带这个 input 标签一起提交给中间件 csrf，原因是 form 表单提交数据时，会包括所有的 input 标签，中间件 csrf 接收到数据时，会判断，这个随机字符串是不是第一次它发给用户的那个，如果是，则数据提交成功，如果不是，则返回403权限错误。</p>
<hr>
<h2>自定义标签和过滤器</h2><p>
1、在应用目录下创建 <strong>templatetags</strong> 目录(与 templates 目录同级，目录名只能是 templatetags)。</p>

<pre>
HelloWorld/
|-- HelloWorld
|   |-- __init__.py
|   |-- __init__.pyc
|   |-- settings.py
...
|-- manage.py
`-- templatetags
`-- templates
</pre>

<p>2、在 templatetags 目录下创建任意 py 文件，如：<strong>my_tags.py</strong>。</p>
<p>3、my_tags.py 文件代码如下：</p>
<pre>from django import template

register = template.Library()   #register的名字是固定的,不可改变</pre>
<p>修改 settings.py 文件的 TEMPLATES 选项配置，添加 libraries 配置：</p>
<div class="example"><h2 class="example">settings.py 配置文件</h2> <div class="example_code">
...<br />
<span style="color: #05a;">TEMPLATES</span> <span style="color: Gray;">=</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#91;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: Olive;">&#123;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #a11;">'BACKEND'</span>: <span style="color: #a11;">'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates'</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #a11;">'DIRS'</span>: <span style="color: Olive;">&#91;</span>BASE_DIR<span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: #a11;">&quot;/templates&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#93;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #a11;">'APP_DIRS'</span>: <span style="color: Teal;">True</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #a11;">'OPTIONS'</span>: <span style="color: Olive;">&#123;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #a11;">'context_processors'</span>: <span style="color: Olive;">&#91;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #a11;">'django.template.context_processors.debug'</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #a11;">'django.template.context_processors.request'</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #a11;">'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth'</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #a11;">'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages'</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: Olive;">&#93;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #a11;">&quot;libraries&quot;</span>:<span style="color: Olive;">&#123;</span> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="color: #a50"># 添加这边三行配置</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: #a11;">'my_tags'</span>:<span style="color: #a11;">'templatetags.my_tags'</span> &nbsp; <span style="color: #a50"># 添加这边三行配置 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: Olive;">&#125;</span> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="color: #a50"># 添加这边三行配置</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: Olive;">&#125;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: Olive;">&#125;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span><br />
<span style="color: Olive;">&#93;</span><br />
...<br />
</div></div>


<p>4、利用装饰器  @register.filter  自定义过滤器。</p>
<p><strong>注意：</strong>装饰器的参数最多只能有 2 个。</p>
<pre>@register.filter
def my_filter(v1, v2):
    return v1 * v2</pre>
<p>5、利用装饰器 @register.simple_tag 自定义标签。</p>
<pre>@register.simple_tag
def my_tag1(v1, v2, v3):
    return v1 * v2 * v3</pre>

<p>6、在使用自定义标签和过滤器前，要在 html 文件 body 的最上方中导入该 py 文件。</p>
<pre>{% load my_tags %}</pre><p>
7、在 HTML 中使用自定义过滤器。</p>
<pre>{{ 11|my_filter:22 }}</pre>
<p>8、在 HTML 中使用自定义标签。</p>
<pre>{% my_tag1 11 22 33 %}</pre>
<p>9、语义化标签</p><p>
在该 py 文件中导入 mark_safe。</p><pre>
from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe</pre><p>
定义标签时，用上 mark_safe 方法，令标签语义化，相当于 jQuery 中的 html() 方法。</p>
<p>和前端HTML文件中的过滤器 safe 效果一样。</p>
<pre>@register.simple_tag
def my_html(v1, v2):
    temp_html = "&lt;input type='text' id='%s' class='%s' /&gt;" %(v1, v2)
    return mark_safe(temp_html)</pre>
<p>在HTML中使用该自定义标签，在页面中动态创建标签。</p>
<pre>{% my_html "zzz" "xxx" %}</pre>
<hr>
<h2>配置静态文件</h2>
<p>1、在项目根目录下创建 statics 目录。</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/64DE342B-BBB8-424F-ADE7-B93EA124FDCD.jpg"></p>
<p>2、在 settings 文件的最下方配置添加以下配置：</p>

<pre>
STATIC_URL = '/static/' # 别名 
STATICFILES_DIRS = [ 
    os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "statics"), 
]</pre><p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Django_18.png"></p>
<p>3、在 statics 目录下创建 css 目录，js 目录，images 目录，plugins 目录，  分别放 css文件，js文件，图片，插件。</p>
<p>
4、把 bootstrap 框架放入插件目录 plugins。</p><p>

5、在 HTML 文件的 head 标签中引入 bootstrap。</p><p>
<strong>注意：</strong>此时引用路径中的要用配置文件中的别名 static，而不是目录 statics。</p>
<pre>&lt;link rel="stylesheet" href="../0/bootstrap.css"&gt;</pre><p>
在模板中使用需要加入 <span class="marked">{% load static %}</span> 代码，以下实例我们从静态目录中引入图片。</p>
<div class="example"><h2 class="example">HelloWorld/HelloWorld/views.py 文件代码：</h2> <div class="example_code">
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">from</span> django.<span style="color: #05a;">shortcuts</span> <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">import</span> render<br />
<br />
<span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">def</span> runoob<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span>:<br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; name <span style="color: Gray;">=</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;菜鸟教程&quot;</span><br />
&nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: Green;font-weight:bold;">return</span> render<span style="color: Olive;">&#40;</span>request<span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: #a11;">&quot;runoob.html&quot;</span><span style="color: Gray;">,</span> <span style="color: Olive;">&#123;</span><span style="color: #a11;">&quot;name&quot;</span>: name<span style="color: Olive;">&#125;</span><span style="color: Olive;">&#41;</span><br />
</div></div>
<div class="example">
<h2 class="example">HelloWorld/templates/runoob.html 文件代码：</h2>
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-code">{% load static %}
{{name}}</span><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;</span><span class="hl-reserved">img</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-var">decoding</span><span class="hl-code">=</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">async</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-var">src</span><span class="hl-code">=</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">{% static 'images/runoob-logo.png' %}</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-var">alt</span><span class="hl-code">=</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">runoob-logo</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span></div></div></div>
<p>再访问访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/runoob，可以看到页面：</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/87493622-D5C4-4883-8229-0813B608BB4A.jpg"></p>
<hr>
<h2>模板继承</h2>
<p>模板可以用继承的方式来实现复用，减少冗余内容。</p>
<p>网页的头部和尾部内容一般都是一致的，我们就可以通过模板继承来实现复用。</p>
<p>父模板用于放置可重复利用的内容，子模板继承父模板的内容，并放置自己的内容。</p>
<h3>父模板</h3>
<p><strong>标签 block...endblock:</strong> 父模板中的预留区域，该区域留给子模板填充差异性的内容，不同预留区域名字不能相同。</p>
<pre>{% block 名称 %} 
预留给子模板的区域，可以设置设置默认内容
{% endblock 名称 %}</pre>
<h3>子模板</h3><p>
子模板使用标签 extends 继承父模板：</p>
<pre>{% extends "父模板路径"%} </pre>
<p>
子模板如果没有设置父模板预留区域的内容，则使用在父模板设置的默认内容，当然也可以都不设置，就为空。</p>
<p>子模板设置父模板预留区域的内容：</p>
<pre>
{ % block 名称 % }
内容 
{% endblock 名称 %}
</pre>
<p>接下来我们先创建之前项目的 templates 目录中添加 base.html 文件，代码如下：</p>
<div class="example">
<h2 class="example">HelloWorld/templates/base.html 文件代码：</h2>
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;</span><span class="hl-code">!</span><span class="hl-var">DOCTYPE</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-var">html</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;</span><span class="hl-reserved">html</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;</span><span class="hl-reserved">head</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;</span><span class="hl-reserved">meta</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-var">charset</span><span class="hl-code">=</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">utf-8</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;</span><span class="hl-reserved">title</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span><span class="hl-code">菜鸟教程(runoob.com)</span><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;/</span><span class="hl-reserved">title</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;/</span><span class="hl-reserved">head</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;</span><span class="hl-reserved">body</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span><span class="hl-code">
    </span><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;</span><span class="hl-reserved">h1</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span><span class="hl-code">Hello World!</span><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;/</span><span class="hl-reserved">h1</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span><span class="hl-code">
    </span><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;</span><span class="hl-reserved">p</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span><span class="hl-code">菜鸟教程 Django 测试。</span><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;/</span><span class="hl-reserved">p</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span><span class="hl-code">
    {% block mainbody %}
       </span><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;</span><span class="hl-reserved">p</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span><span class="hl-code">original</span><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;/</span><span class="hl-reserved">p</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span><span class="hl-code">
    {% endblock %}
</span><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;/</span><span class="hl-reserved">body</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span><span class="hl-code">
</span><span class="hl-brackets">&lt;/</span><span class="hl-reserved">html</span><span class="hl-brackets">&gt;</span></div>
</div>
</div>

<p>以上代码中，名为 mainbody 的 block 标签是可以被继承者们替换掉的部分。</p>
<p> 所有的 {% block %} 标签告诉模板引擎，子模板可以重载这些部分。</p>
<p>runoob.html 中继承 base.html，并替换特定 block，runoob.html 修改后的代码如下：</p>
<div class="example">
<h2 class="example">HelloWorld/templates/runoob.html 文件代码：</h2>
<div class="example_code">
<div class="hl-main"><span class="hl-code">{%</span><span class="hl-identifier">extends</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-string">base.html</span><span class="hl-quotes">&quot;</span><span class="hl-code"> %}
 
{% </span><span class="hl-identifier">block</span><span class="hl-code"> </span><span class="hl-identifier">mainbody</span><span class="hl-code"> %}
&lt;</span><span class="hl-identifier">p</span><span class="hl-code">&gt;继承了 </span><span class="hl-identifier">base</span><span class="hl-code">.</span><span class="hl-identifier">html</span><span class="hl-code"> 文件&lt;/</span><span class="hl-identifier">p</span><span class="hl-code">&gt;
{% </span><span class="hl-identifier">endblock</span><span class="hl-code"> %}</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>第一行代码说明 runoob.html 继承了 base.html 文件。可以看到，这里相同名字的 block 标签用以替换 base.html 的相应 block。
</p>

<p>重新访问地址 http://127.0.0.1:8000/runoob，输出结果如下：</p><p>
<img decoding="async" src="https://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/F54E0EF3-2E76-4B3E-B1DA-1541EDCB5CD2.jpg"></p>			<!-- 其他扩展 -->
						
			</div>
			
		</div>
		
		<div class="previous-next-links">
			<div class="previous-design-link"><i style="font-size:16px;" class="fa fa-arrow-left" aria-hidden="true"></i> <a href="../django/django-first-app.html" rel="prev"> Django 创建第一个项目</a> </div>
			<div class="next-design-link"><a href="../django/django-model.html" rel="next"> Django 模型</a> <i style="font-size:16px;" class="fa fa-arrow-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></div>
		</div>
		<!-- 笔记列表 -->
		<style>
.wrapper {
  /*text-transform: uppercase; */
  background: #ececec;
  color: #555;
  cursor: help;
  font-family: "Gill Sans", Impact, sans-serif;
  font-size: 20px;
  position: relative;
  text-align: center;
  width: 200px;
  -webkit-transform: translateZ(0); /* webkit flicker fix */
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; /* webkit text rendering fix */
}

.wrapper .tooltip {
  white-space: nowrap;
  font-size: 14px;
  text-align: left;
  background: #96b97d;
  bottom: 100%;
  color: #fff;
  display: block;
  left: -25px;
  margin-bottom: 15px;
  opacity: 0;
  padding: 14px;
  pointer-events: none;
  position: absolute;
  
  -webkit-transform: translateY(10px);
     -moz-transform: translateY(10px);
      -ms-transform: translateY(10px);
       -o-transform: translateY(10px);
          transform: translateY(10px);
  -webkit-transition: all .25s ease-out;
     -moz-transition: all .25s ease-out;
      -ms-transition: all .25s ease-out;
       -o-transition: all .25s ease-out;
          transition: all .25s ease-out;
  -webkit-box-shadow: 2px 2px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.28);
     -moz-box-shadow: 2px 2px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.28);
      -ms-box-shadow: 2px 2px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.28);
       -o-box-shadow: 2px 2px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.28);
          box-shadow: 2px 2px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.28);
}
.tooltip a {
	color:#fff;
}
/* This bridges the gap so you can mouse into the tooltip without it disappearing */
.wrapper .tooltip:before {
  bottom: -20px;
  content: " ";
  display: block;
  height: 20px;
  left: 0;
  position: absolute;
  width: 100%;
}  

/* CSS Triangles - see Trevor's post */
.wrapper .tooltip:after {
  border-left: solid transparent 10px;
  border-right: solid transparent 10px;
  border-top: solid #96b97d 10px;
  bottom: -10px;
  content: " ";
  height: 0;
  left: 20%;
  margin-left: -13px;
  position: absolute;
  width: 0;
}
.wrapper .tooltip1 {
	margin-left: 50px;
	padding-top: 0px;
}
/*
.wrapper:hover .tooltip {
  opacity: 1;
  pointer-events: auto;
  -webkit-transform: translateY(0px);
     -moz-transform: translateY(0px);
      -ms-transform: translateY(0px);
       -o-transform: translateY(0px);
          transform: translateY(0px);
}
*/
/* IE can just show/hide with no transition */
.lte8 .wrapper .tooltip {
  display: none;
}

.lte8 .wrapper:hover .tooltip {
  display: block;
}

</style>

<link rel="stylesheet" href="../0/upvotejs.css">
<script src=""></script>
<script src=""></script>
<div class="title" id="comments">
	<h2 class="">
    <div class="altblock">
		    	<i style="font-size:28px;margin-top: 8px;" class="fa fa-pencil-square-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>
    	    </div>
    <span class="mw-headline" id="qa_headline">2  篇笔记</span>
	<span class="mw-headline" id="user_add_note" style="float:right;line-height: 62px;padding-right: 14px;"><i class="fa fa-pencil-square-o" aria-hidden="true"></i>  写笔记</span>
    </h2>
</div>

<div id="postcomments"   >
	<ol class="commentlist">
		<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-58056"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;不是枳是橘子</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;469***701@qq.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-58056" data-commid = "58056" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">129</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-58056"><p><strong>关于报错：TemplateDoesNotExist （Django 3.1.2 Python 3.7）同楼上问题</strong>。</p>

<p>提供几个其他解决方法：</p>

<p>配置如下：</p>

<pre>
'DIRS': ["templates"]  
'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates')]
'DIRS': [BASE_DIR / "templates", ]</pre>
<p>以上三种，我的环境实测均可。</p><div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">不是枳是橘子</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;不是枳是橘子</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;469***701@qq.com</p></div></span>3年前 (2020-10-22)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-59356"><span class="comt-f">#0</span><div class="comt-avatar wrapper"><i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i><div class="tooltip"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;巴神的春天</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;739***783@qq.com</p></div><div id="runoobvote-id-59356" data-commid = "59356" class="upvotejs"><a class="upvote"></a> <span class="count">95</span></div></div><div class="comt-main" id="div-comment-59356"><p>如果pycharm报错<strong>TemplateDoesNotExist ，问题则出现在</strong></p><pre>os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates')
</pre><p>这一句的设置中，这一句话是指到“BASE_DIR/templates”文件夹中去取模板。通过debug跑到settings这句话可以发现BASE_DIR指定的其实是第一层的Hello World文件夹，而templates在第二层Hello World文件夹，所以一直提示错误。注意<b>BASE_DIR是manage.py文件的所在路径</b>.</p><p>正确选择如下：</p><pre>os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'HelloWorld/templates')</pre><div class="comt-meta wrapper"><span class="comt-author"><a target="_blank" href="javascript:;">巴神的春天</a><div class="tooltip tooltip1"><p><i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;巴神的春天</p><p><i class="fa fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;739***783@qq.com</p></div></span>2年前 (2020-12-08)</div></div></li><!-- #comment-## -->
	</ol>
	<div class="pagenav">
			</div>
</div>
<div id="respond" class="no_webshot"> 
		<div class="comment-signarea" style="display:none; padding: 20px 20px;"> 
	<h3 class="text-muted" id="share_code" style="color: #799961;"><i class="fa fa-pencil-square-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> 点我分享笔记</h3>
	<!--
	<p style="font-size:14px;">笔记需要是本篇文章的内容扩展！</p><br>
	<p style="font-size:12px;"><a href="../tougao" target="_blank">文章投稿，可点击这里</a></p>
	<p style="font-size:14px;"><a href="../w3cnote/runoob-user-test-intro.html#invite" target="_blank">注册邀请码获取方式</a></p>
		<h3 class="text-muted"><i class="fa fa-info-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i> 分享笔记前必须<a href="javascript:;" class="runoob-pop">登录</a>！</h3>
		<p><a href="../w3cnote/runoob-user-test-intro.html#invite" target="_blank">注册邀请码获取方式</a></p>-->
	</div>
		
	<form action="/wp-content/themes/runoob/option/addnote.php" method="post" id="commentform" style="display:none;">
		<div class="comt">
			<div class="comt-title">
				<i style="font-size:36px;" class="fa fa-user-circle" aria-hidden="true"></i>				<p><a id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="javascript:;">取消</a></p>
			</div>
			<div class="comt-box">
			<div id="mded"></div>
			
				<div class="comt-ctrl">
					<div class="comt-tips"><input type='hidden' name='comment_post_ID' value='11123' id='comment_post_ID' />
<input type='hidden' name='comment_parent' id='comment_parent' value='0' />
</div>
					<button type="submit" name="submit" id="submit" tabindex="5"><i class="fa fa-pencil" aria-hidden="true"></i> 分享笔记</button>
				</div>
			</div>
		
				
					<div class="comt-comterinfo"> 
						<ul id="comment-author-info">
							<li class="form-inline"><label class="hide" for="author">昵称</label><input class="ipt" type="text" name="author" id="author" value="" tabindex="2" placeholder="昵称"><span class="text-muted">昵称 (必填)</span></li>
							<li class="form-inline"><label class="hide" for="email">邮箱</label><input class="ipt" type="text" name="email" id="email" value="" tabindex="3" placeholder="邮箱"><span class="text-muted">邮箱 (必填)</span></li>
							<li class="form-inline"><label class="hide" for="url">引用地址</label><input class="ipt" type="text" name="url" id="url" value="" tabindex="4" placeholder="引用地址"><span class="text-muted">引用地址</span></li>
						</ul>
					</div>
				
			
		</div>

	</form>
	</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function() {
	//初始化编辑器
	
	var editor = new Simditor({
	  textarea: $('#mded'),
	  placeholder: '写笔记...',
	  upload:false,
	 // upload: {url:'/api/comment_upload_file.php',params: null,fileKey: 'upload_file',connectionCount: 1,leaveConfirm: '文件正在上传，您确定离开?'},
	  defaultImage: 'https://www.runoob.com/images/logo.png',
	  codeLanguages: '',
	  autosave: 'editor-content',
	  toolbar: [  'bold','code','ul','ol','image' ]
	});
	editor.on('selectionchanged', function() {
		$(".code-popover").hide();
	});

	// 提交数据
	$("#share_code").click(function() {
		$(".comment-signarea").hide();
		$("#commentform").show();
		
	});
	$("#user_add_note").click(function() {
		$(".comment-signarea").hide();
		$("#commentform").show();
		$('html, body').animate({
       	    scrollTop: $("#respond").offset().top
    	}, 200);
	});

	// 提交笔记
	var commentform=$('#commentform');
	commentform.prepend('<div id="comment-status" style="display:none;" ></div>');
	var statusdiv=$('#comment-status');
	
	commentform.submit(function(e){
		e.preventDefault();
		var noteContent = editor.getValue();
		// console.log(noteContent);
		noteContent = noteContent.replace(/<pre><code>/g,"<pre>");
		noteContent = noteContent.replace(/<\/code><\/pre>/g,"</pre>");
		
		// 系列化表单数据
		var comment_parent = 0;
		var is_user_logged_in = $("#is_user_logged_in").val();
		var comment_post_ID =  11123;
		var _wp_unfiltered_html_comment = $("#_wp_unfiltered_html_comment").val();
		var comment = noteContent;
		var author = $("#author").val();
		var url = $("#url").val();
		var email = $("#email").val();
		if(isBlank(author) && is_user_logged_in==0) {
			statusdiv.html('<p  class="ajax-error">请输入昵称！</p>').show();
		} else if(isBlank(email)  && is_user_logged_in==0) {
			statusdiv.html('<p  class="ajax-error">请输入邮箱！</p>').show();
		} else {
			// var formdata=commentform.serialize() + "&comment=" + noteContent ;
			// 添加状态信息
			statusdiv.html('<p>Processing...</p>').show();
			// 获取表单提交地址
			var formurl=commentform.attr('action');
			
			// 异步提交
			$.ajax({
					type: 'post',
					url: formurl,
					dataType:'json',
					data: {"comment_parent":comment_parent,"comment_post_ID":comment_post_ID, "_wp_unfiltered_html_comment":_wp_unfiltered_html_comment,"comment":comment,"url":url, "email":email,"author":author},
					error: function(XMLHttpRequest, textStatus, errorThrown){
					statusdiv.html('<p class="ajax-error" >数据不完整或表单提交太快了！</p>').show();
				},
				success: function(data, textStatus){
					if(data.errorno=="0") {
						$("#submit").prop('disabled', true);
						statusdiv.html('<p class="ajax-success" >笔记已提交审核，感谢分享笔记！</p>').show();
						alert('笔记已提交审核，感谢分享笔记！');
					}else{
						statusdiv.html('<p class="ajax-error" >'+data.msg+'</p>').show();
					}
					commentform.find('textarea[name=comment]').val('');
				}
			});
			setTimeout(function(){
		        $("#submit").prop('disabled', false);
		    }, 10*1000);
		}
		return false;

	});
	$(".comt-author").click(function() {
		href = $(this).children("a").attr("href");
		if(href.indexOf("/note/")!=-1) {
			var win = window.open(href, '_blank');
  			win.focus();
		}
	});
	$(".comt-meta span").hover(function(){
		$(this).children(".tooltip").css({ "opacity": 1, "pointer-events": "auto"});
	},function(){
		$(this).children(".tooltip").removeAttr("style");
	});
	/*
	$(".wrapper i").hover(function(){
		$(this).siblings(".tooltip").css({ "opacity": 1, "pointer-events": "auto"});
	},function(){
		$(this).siblings(".tooltip").css({ "opacity": 0, "pointer-events": "auto"});
	});
	*/
	//Upvote.create('runoobvote-id', {callback: vote_callback});
	var ajaxurl = 'https://www.runoob.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php';
	var callback = function(data) {
		//console.log($('#runoobvote-id').upvote('upvoted'));
		//console.log($('#runoobvote-id').upvote('downvoted'));
		//console.log(data);
		_vote_action = data.action;
		id_arr = data.id.split('-');
		um_id= id_arr[2];
		//console.log(um_id);
		
		var re = /^[1-9]+/;
		if (re.test(um_id)) { 
			var ajax_data = {
				_vote_action: _vote_action,
				action: "pinglun_zan",
				um_id: um_id,
				um_action: "ding"
			};
			//console.log(ajax_data);
			$.post(ajaxurl,ajax_data,function(status){
				//if(status.vote_num>999) {
				//	_voteHtml = '<span style="display: block; text-align: center;font-size: 20px; color: #6a737c; margin: 8px 0;">'+kFormatter(status.vote_num) +'</span>';
				//	$("#runoobvote-id-" + um_id + " .count").hide().after(_voteHtml);
				//}
				
			});
		}
	};
	if($('#comments').length && $('.upvotejs').length){
		$('.upvotejs').upvote({id: 11123, callback: callback});
	
		$.post(ajaxurl,{"action":"pinglun_zan","postid":11123},function(data){  
			$(data).each(function(key,value) {
				$("#runoobvote-id-" + value.commid + " .upvote").addClass(value.upvotejs_class);
				$("#runoobvote-id-" + value.commid + " .downvote").addClass(value.downvote_class);
				$("#runoobvote-id-" + value.commid + " .count").text(value.upvote_count);
			})
		},'json');
		
	}
	
	
});
function isBlank(str) {
    return (!str || /^\s*$/.test(str));
}
function kFormatter(num) {
	// return num;
    return Math.abs(num) > 999 ? Math.sign(num)*((Math.abs(num)/1000).toFixed(1)) + 'k' : Math.sign(num)*Math.abs(num)
}

</script>

<link rel="stylesheet" href="../0/qa.css?1.44">
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@media(min-width: 800px) { .responsive_ad1 {  display:block;margin:0 auto;} }
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<script async src=""
     crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
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     style="display:block"
     data-ad-client="ca-pub-5751451760833794"
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<style>
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    width:300px;
}
.sidebar-tree .double-li li {
    width: 44%;
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    display: inline;
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        <div class="sidebar-box re-box re-box-large">
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            <a href="javascript:void(0);" style="font-size: 16px; color:#64854c;font-weight:bold;"> <i class="fa fa-list" aria-hidden="true"></i> 分类导航</a>
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